Engineering codes of ethics, case scenarios, and societies that enforce them Essay

Ethics can be defined as a branch within the wider field of philosophy whose main concern is addressing the issue of morality. Morality as a concept seeks to justify actions as good or bad, right or wrong and whether such actions are justified and virtuous. Ethics in itself is divided into many categories which normally vary to suit the issue at hand. From a general perspective, ethics can be widely grouped into theoretical and practical ethics. The theoretical aspect is concerned with theoretical meanings of moral propositions and the manner in which their truth values can be ascertained. The practical aspect of ethics seeks to address the possibility of achieving moral outcomes in a given situation (Luegenbiehl, 2003). Engineering ethics in this context is part of applied ethics that is skewed towards the examination and the setting of standards concerning the duty of an engineer to the general public, how they should attend to their clients, their duty to their employer, and their obligation towards enhancing and maintaining the moral integrity of the engineering profession. Engineering as a profession is very diverse in terms of the possible branches one can venture into. This diversity make some of the engineering fields share only very limited principles. While most of these disciplines tend to complement each other, these engineers are bound to work in different environments. As such there cannot be a unifying code of ethics for the whole engineering fraternity. Ethical codes in this profession are largely dependent on the exact field of specialization and the jurisdiction of practice. Another factor that comes into play is whether an engineer is providing consultancy service to his clients or the engineer is an employee of a given manufacturing enterprise (Colby & Sullivan, 2008). In most countries, the engineers who attend to their clients are normally referred to as professional engineers and are usually licensed. They abide by codes that ensure professional ethics and to a larger extent governed by a number of statutes. Their counterparts who practice in the manufacturing industry have to abide by certain laws, key among them being whistle blowing and also the law of product liability. Their practice leans more towards business ethics as compared to engineering ethics. Professional engineers are usually in private practice and are always responsible for drafting some of the codes of ethics that govern their profession. Engineers who practice in the industrial sector do not enjoy accreditation by the relevant government agencies. It is an arguable fact that despite the field and sector of practice, these engineers face similar ethical issues. Similar in the sense that they share the same root causes but only change slightly in form depending on the discipline and the sector of practice (Luegenbiehl, 2003). Engineering societies have for a long time drafted their own codes of ethics. These codes of ethics have undergone a series of refinement over time in a bid to make them more viable to overcoming ethical issues. Such codes of ethics usually act as general guidelines since ethical issues are very diverse and as such some of these codes have to be adjusted to suit the situation at hand. In the United Kingdom, a notable example is the ‘Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)’, which chose to incorporate its ethical codes into the standards of conduct. The code of ethics in engineering basically seeks to ensure the wellbeing of the public, the clients in the case of a professional engineer, the employer for the engineers who practice in the industry, and for the enhancement of the moral integrity of the engineering profession (Colby & Sullivan, 2008). Any engineering profession is susceptible to a number of risks some of which may be detrimental to a wider section of the population. With this risk in mind, the first aim of an engineer is to ensure the safety and health, not only of the general public but also for themselves and their workmates. Engineers are required to subscribe to principles that ensure sustainable development in the course of their undertakings. Since the engineering profession is very diverse, an engineer who may be very competent in his field of specialization may not be able to achieve much in another line of engineering. For most of the engineering societies around the world, there are basic ethical codes that they seem to share in common. A code of ethics in the field of engineering always restricts engineers to stick to their areas of specialization. This is to avoid exposing himself and the general public to the imminent danger. An engineer is required to speak the truth on the technical aspects of a job and maintain a professional relationship with the employer or his client. Conflict of interest is a sure way to compromise and as such should always be avoided by an engineer. An engineer is supposed to safeguard the integrity and the interest of the engineering profession. In as much as an engineer is supposed to advance career wise, they have an obligation of ensuring professional growth for their juniors. According to the law of whistle blowing, an engineer is more obliged to safety than he is to the client or to his employer. This law requires the engineer to report cases where their employers or clients fail to follow their directions and in the process are exposing the public to potential danger. In some instances, some the relevant authorities fail to take action and this may end up in the engineer going public (Luegenbiehl, 2003). The most notable cases of disaster in the field of engineering have been caused by both technical and ethical issues. While some of these accidents have been due to technical aspects and design inadequacies, others have been due to inefficient management culture. Some of the cases that have been established to have an ethical dimension on their occurrence include the Chernobyl disaster, Bhopal disaster, Boston molasses accident, Johnstown Flood, just to mention but a few (Pfatteicher, 2001). Chernobyl disaster was an incident that took place in Ukraine, and it involved the meltdown in a nuclear reactor plant. This accident was to a larger extent blamed on human error. The personnel were blamed for using a limited ‘operational reactivity margin. ’ The disaster caused to the people living within the neighbourhood was immense in gravity and most of the effects were of a long term nature. The mental health of the people was extremely affected; cases of cancer were later reported to be rampant in the area. All these effects came about due to the irradiation of the area by radioactive material. The workers were also affected with more than thirty losing their lives within a span of three months from the time of occurrence of the disaster. An advisory group that was later formed to look into the cause of this disaster blamed the people who were responsible for the design of the power plant. They failed to consider certain pertinent aspects of the design which could have prevented such an occurrence or which could have ensured that the accident did not proceed to reach the level it did. It was realized that in the course of preparation and subsequent testing of turbine generators, it was done without the incorporation of systems that were responsible for technical protection. This was viewed to have been a breach of the safety provisions that were required for the actual technical exercise (Pfatteicher, 2001). Some of the most outstanding organizations that are concerned with engineering ethics include the ‘Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE)’ in the United Kingdom, the ‘Canadian Society for Professional Engineers,’ and the ‘National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)’ which have been seen to be championing for the upholding of ethical practices within the engineering field. The reasons for their establishments are to ensure that engineers in private practice, the government and in the manufacturing sector are able to subscribe to a common code of ethics within a given jurisdiction. Such bodies have certain punitive measures to their members in cases where ethics appear to have been sidelined in making decisions. To ensure that engineers adhere to such codes set by these organizations, it is mandatory to be registered with certain bodies within given jurisdictions to practice as an engineer (Haws, 2001). There has been a general drift towards formulating an all encompassing code of ethics for all engineers throughout the world. This has been noted by the fact that the codes formulated by most societies throughout the world appear to be having certain similarities. While this appears to be a very noble idea, some room and allowances will have to be allowed to accommodate the different cultures in the world. It is deemed that developing a set of common ethical codes and supplementing it with additional entries that regard the cultural setting and the exact field of specialization within engineering. The codes should be set out in such a manner that no confusion can be reported within a given jurisdiction (Luegenbiehl, 2003). References: Colby, A. , & Sullivan, W. M. 2008, â€Å"Ethics Teaching in Undergraduate Engineering Education. † Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 97. Haws, D. R. 2001, â€Å"Ethics Instruction in Engineering Education: a (Mini) Meta-analysis. † Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90. Luegenbiehl, H. C. 2003, Themes for an International Code of Engineering Ethics. Retrieved on 9th February 2010, from: . Pfatteicher, S. K. , 2001, â€Å"Teaching Vs. Preaching: Ec2000 and the Engineering Ethics Dilemma. † Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90.

Culture and cultural differences Essay

â€Å"Motivation is an incentive, inducement, or motive, especially for an act† (Morris 1970) There are many ways which influence the motivation levels of an adult person to do a particular task. One of the most important factors is Culture, which is an intrinsic part of a human being. The term culture is best understood when cross-cultural people join to due to some reason, to form a group. While interacting with such a group for motivation, the main idea is to create a sense of belonging. People, who find their niche place in a group, are much more eager to perform tasks to the best of their abilities. The second most important idea for motivation is to create an environment to do work. The reasons for working vary for people from country to country – In China the work motivation is moral obligation, while in Japan it is trust and in Western societies it is incentives. All these factors should be taken care while motivating a cross-cultural group for working. One should always remember that, in the end all these people are doing the same for albeit for different reasons. What do you believe should be your primary concern when trying to motivate across cultural boundaries? Remember to justify your response. People from various cultures take incentives in a different way. People belonging to Asian countries like Japan, lay more stress on the acknowledgement of the work done, than on any material perks they might be able to earn. In contrast, people from many of the service based western countries like US think of incentives, as something which is to be won. And finally there are some people who might be from poor countries like Vietnam, where the perks mean additional money, the more they work the more they earn. Making all these people motivated with an inspirational talk, no matter how good the perks might be, is the most important factor of all. This is because, dissatisfied people might easily think on the lines of regional bias and try to de-motivate other people. A balanced talk which is aimed to effectively motivate the set of people, by seemingly addressing to the individual cultural sects of the group, hence requires the maximum talent and guile on the part of the motivating person. References LaMonica L, â€Å"The Relationship Between Culture and Learner Motivation and Implications for Trainingâ€Å", 17th July 2001, http://www. geocities. com/llamonica/culture. html

Childhood Memory

I am an international college student from Vietnam, and have been through twelve grades with lots of memories. One thing I could say is the interval time between my sixth and eighth grade was the time that I cherish the most. It is not only because it was my most successful time with a bunch of fabulous achievements I obtained, but also because literally it was my great pleasure to be instructed by a very thoughtful teacher. She was my Mathematics teacher, and her name is Mrs. Nguyen. I did enjoy most of her lectures in class. Thanks to being taught by a great teacher, Mathematics gradually became my most favorite subject. At that time, Vietnamese teachers received just a small amount of salary every month due to the government did not have much money. They could have a good life if they live alone, and only spend money for their own. However, if they have a family, their husband or wife needs to have much better income to run the house and nurture their children. My teacher and her husband both do educational job. As a result, they do not have good income enough to run their house and to pay tuitions for their kids. Therefore, those who had the same situation like this usually opened extra classes at their home for a little income. The government prohibited teachers to give extra lectures at their home because they worried that if teachers give lectures at home, students would get bored of listening lectures in class. Childhood Memory As a child everything was so much more simple. Day after day I only had one objective on my mind, and that was to go outside and have as much fun as I possibly could before the sun went down and it became dark, that was when I had to be home. My cousins lived right next to me so i can always remember going outside and swimming in our swimming pool, and then we would go over to our grandmothers house for lunch, she lived on the other side of my house right next door, I will never forget going over their amd smelling the freshly baked cookies she always made us.There are alot of things i can remember from my childhood but everytime I think back this one seems to always stand out the most. I will never forget the early morning that my dad woke me up on my birthday. He woke me up and told me to get ready because we had to go. I remember asking him over and over again why I was up so early, and where in the world do we have to go its my birthday what about when all my friends come over. H e told me to not worry because he had a special suprise for me, I was so excited but I couldn't think of what the suprise could be.Driving in the car felt like it was taking forever, I was so tired i fell back asleep in the back seat. Once we got there my dad woke me up again but this time when i opened my eyes i saw my cousin michael and my uncle donny standing right next to my dad. I remember asking what is going on and thats when my dad showed my the fourwheeler he bought me. I couldn't have been any happier at that moment I was jumping up and down overwhelmed with joy. e put the fourwheeler on my uncles trailer but there was already one on it, thats when my cousin michael told me that his dad got him one too. I was so happy because we did everything together, nobody could sperate us. I couldn't thank my father enough on the way home, a fourwheeler was my dream I always wanted to have one they looked like so much fun all of the my older friends and cousins had one not to mention all the video games that I played with them. I couldn't believe that I finally had one now all I needed to do was learn how to ride it.This was one of my biggest challenges because nobody ever showed me how. When we finally got home my dad and my uncle took both fourwheelers off of the trailer and my dad showed me what to do how to use the gas, turn and how to stop with the brake. He turned the fourwheeler on for me and I sped away having no clue what I was doing, my cousin followed right behind me but he already knew how to ride because his brother had a fourwheeler and he taught him what to do. We rode all the way to the fields in my backyard behind the apple orchard.Right before the field there's a hill that has a deer feeder on it close to the woods my dad hunts in, i decided to try and drive up the hill I guess i wasn't ready to do something that experianced because when I got halfway up the hill I stalled the fourwheeler and hit the back brake and the fourwheeler flipped over and I fell off rolling down the hill the fourwheeler landed on my hand. My dad came running down to me and picked me up because I was screaming thinking my hand was broken, I always over exaggerated everything when I was younger.I went up to the house and put ice on my hand because it was really swollen. That ended my day because when my mom came home she was so worried she didn't want to ride my fourwheeler anymore because she thought it was too dangerous. I tried to tell her that it was an accident and I just did something I shouldn't have tried yet. She told me I could ride it again if i waited for my hand to heal, but of course I didn't listen to anything my parents told me because I was a wild child.So the very next day I was back out riding again with my cousin but this time we took it a little bit easier and went slow and I wouldn't dare attempt the hill again. My mom was ferious when she found out that I was riding when I wasn't suppose to be. I was bound and determined to b e the better than my cousin someday but I doubted it because he was two years older than me and he was always bigger than me so he had an advantage because we had the same fourwhellers and i was a little bit to small for it.Everyday we would wake up at the same time around eight in the morning and we both would meet at my barn where we kept the fourwheelers and we would go up to the house and fill up our tanks with gas and go ride in the fields behind my house and across the street. we would come home at dinner time so filthy, we would be covered in mud from head to toe but we didn't care at all because we were kids just having the best time of our lives. Now that I reflect upon my childhood I realize that I do not regret any choices that I made because that's what made me happy.I had alot of fun as a child and I miss every second of it, I didn't have a worry in the world. Now that I am getting older and about to graduate from high school I know that those days are over. At this poi nt in my life I need to get down and stay focused and determined to live a successful life, I feel that if I put my mind to it I will be able to do it. Just like how determined I was to be better than my cousin everyday I practiced, and I soon became much better doing things that he still to this day can not do. My childhood was perfect and I wouldn't change anything about it, these memories will live on forever with me.

Ethical Decision Making in Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Decision Making in Health Care - Essay Example A conflict in the application of these choices presents an ethical dilemma that requires an ethical decision-making. Moreover, different health care professionals, clinical health care professionals, and value systems apply variant techniques in an ethical decision making process. Ideally, ethicists Kenyon and Congress derive five significant components that aid in arriving at an ethical and cognitive decision .The five components include naming the dilemma, sorting the relevant issues, solving the problem, point of action, and the evaluation of the decision and subsequent reflection (CME Resource, 2011). Subject to the importance attached to the ethical decision making process, health professionals take time to gain the specific tools to aid in this objective that has life determining importance for the patients. Personally, I value passionate acts and human life that help me appreciate the philosophy of nursing practice. My personality plays the greatest significance in my worldvie w and philosophy of this profession. In fact, my free will to serve in this profession gives me the chance to value all aspects that relate to the nursing practice with the aim to make it better. My culture compels me to care for others, to value human life, and to respect the identity and confidentiality of others. I apply these aspects in analyzing the philosophy of nursing. My spiritual values accommodate respect for human life, passion, and compassion for all. These values are significant in shaping my nursing practice, since I apply them fully and relevantly in my duties with no exceptions. Ethics refers to the beliefs that a health care professional adopts in defining what amounts to moral and logical behavior  in the nursing practice. Ethics generally forms the basic standards that an individual uses in making a professional decision. Morality, on the other hand, refers to the actual judgmental process or evaluation of an ethical decision making process. Morality relies on the cultural, social, or religious norms that a health care professional  adopts (Ascension Health, 2012). Indeed, morality leads into customs or values used in the nursing profession by individual health care professionals. However, my personal values, philosophy, and worldview may conflict with my nursing obligation to practice. This is because these values may not comply with the internationally recognized health care standards. Notably, the nursing practice does not rely on personal values in dictating the ethical way of practice. For example, where a patient and a heath care professional have different spiritual or cultural values, conflicts are inevitable. This creates an ethical dilemma that will require well-defined tools to solve. Different people have different personalities, which largely contributes to ethical dilemmas. It is true that various morals and ethical dilemmas arise in course of ethical decision-making process as manifested by different personalities. An eth ical dilemma can arise where a patient refuses life support while his or her family seeks to have the health care professionals do everything to save the life of the patient. At the same time, an ethical dilemma can come up where a patient's family members want life support and any other

How to drive defensively Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to drive defensively - Essay Example learning to ride a motorcycle it was necessary for me to always remember that other people were unlikely to see me due to the fact that I took up such a small place on the road. With this in mind, I would oftentimes remind myself that I was in fact invisible once I was on the road. In this way, I was sure to be able to anticipate the actions and maneuvers of erratic drivers that necessarily existed on the roads (Gravelle 16). Furthermore, when I would transition to driving the car, I would oftentimes forget that I was not still on the motorcycle and was able to still keep the invisibility frame of mind open with respect to driving the car. Although it is somewhat silly, this frame of mind is an integral part of what defensive driving involves. As such, defensive driving involves the correct frame of mind, a cognizance that other drivers might do the unexpected, and a perpetual state of alertness. With respect to the perpetual state of alertness, it is easy for one to become preoccupied by the many distractions that exist both on the road and inside the vehicle (Lithing 12). For instance, answering a cell phone, speaking with a friend in the passenger or back seat, straining to find an address or attempting to read a sign or billboard, changing a radio station or selecting a particular song from a playlist, even flirting with the occupant of the car beside you in traffic are all prime examples of just a few of the many ways that a driver can be distracted. Similarly, this distraction does not only apply to the driver who is fighting to maintain a focus, but also to those drivers with whom the defensive driver is trying to avoid and/or anticipate. This leads us to the last component of defensive driving – anticipation. As previously discussed, the tools that have been presented revolve around the driver keeping a correct frame of mind and avoiding distraction. As such, both of these skills rationally lead up to the concept of anticipation (Williams 4).

THE ROLE OF IMF IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND HOW IT Research Paper

THE ROLE OF IMF IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND HOW IT PLAYS A ROLE ON THE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS IN NIGERIA AND CAME - Research Paper Example That is whether the nations would have performed better without IMF or whether they had influence in preventing the prosperity of the changes suggested by IMF. The economic and political state of the nations due to IMF influence at present and the opinions why or why not did the nations recover are in addition discussed. What IMF is International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a global institution that offers monetary assistance and advice to member nations. IMF came into existence at the conclusion of World War II, because of the Bretton Woods Meeting in 1945. It was formed out of demand to curb economic crises such as the Great Depression. The institution has turned to an enduring organization integral to the formation of monetary markets globally and to the development of the growing nations (Tenney & Norman, 2011, 149). What IMF does The job of IMF is of three major kinds: Surveillance includes the supervising of economic and monetary growths, and the offering of rule advice, targeted ma inly at crisis-avoidance. IMF as well lends to nations with balance of payments hardships, to offer temporary funding and to promote rules targeted at rectifying the underlying challenges. Loans to low revenue nations are in addition targeted mainly at poverty lowering. ... IMF as well plays a significant role in the battle against funds laundering and violence (Fritz-Krockow & Parmeshwar, 2007, 2). Origins and original aims of IMF IMF is a global institution that was started in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Meeting and officially formed during 1945 by twenty-nine member nations. IMF’s expressed objective was to aid in the rebuilding of the sphere’s global payment system after World War II. Nations contribute funds to a pool by a quota scheme from which nations with payment disparities may scrounge money temporarily. By this task and others like observation of its members’ economies and the requirement for personal-rectifying rules, IMF does job to enhance the economies of its member nations. IMF defines itself like an institution of one hundred and eighty eight nations, doing job to foster international financial cooperation, protect monetary steadiness, enable global trade, support great employment and maintainable economic developmen t, and lower poverty across the sphere. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., United States. The original aims of IMF included: Offering a forum for cooperation on global financial challenges Enable the development of global trade, therefore supporting job formation, economic development, and poverty lowering Support exchange rate steadiness and an open scheme of global payments; and Loaning nation’s foreign exchange when required, on a temporary basis and under sufficient securities to aid them handle balance of payments challenges (Jacobsen & Ramesh, 2008, 268). Success and failures of IMF vision Global trade grew rapidly from the 1950’s. There was

The Future of Drinking Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

The Future of Drinking Water - Essay Example The primary sector comprises the primary production of raw materials or food, while the secondary sector concerns on the processing or refining of the produced goods or raw materials. As to the distribution of the finished products, the whole concern of it lies on the tertiary sector. However, all of these sectors require the availability or abundance of quality drinking water for them to function smoothly as possible. For instance, a quality and abundant drinking water source is necessary to ensure the sustainability of the basic needs in life, and consistency in the achievement of human health, and other related human needs. Furthermore, the availability of quality drinking water is necessary in order to successfully produce food or raw materials for the production of other products in the secondary sector. For example, a quality drinking water is necessary in the livestock industry so that there will be quality produced products that can be readily used in the processing industry. The processing industry on the other hand would require availability of clean and excellent water supply as integral component of the production of high quality standard processed foods. The above illustrations just simply depict the importance of drinking water in the production of raw materials and down to the processing and production of secondary product offerings.

Analysis of Leadership Style and Behavior Essay

Analysis of Leadership Style and Behavior - Essay Example Bill Gates owns transformational leadership and employs the participative leadership style and behavior to convince his subordinate in the most appropriate way. Bill Gates uses its legitimate power to exercise his control over the management of the Microsoft. Table of Contents Content page Introduction 4 Background 4 Analysis of leadership style 4 Analysis of leadership behavior 5 Discussion: Transformative or Transactional leader 6 Discussion: Power sources 8 Legitimate power 8 Coercive power 9 Reward power 9 Information power 9 Expert power 9 Referent power 10 Conclusion 10 References 12 Introduction Transactional leadership provides incentives to followers to carry out certain actions; rewards and incentives are used to attract or motivate followers to carry out such activities. If Bill Gates had transactional leadership traits, it would have not been possible to convert a small innovation company into the empire of Microsoft Company, which has generated revenue of $ 69,943 m in t he fiscal year of 2011; the net income reaching the mark of $ 23, 150 m in the same year. Background Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955 and grew up in Seattle with his father William H. Gates II who is a Seattle attorney (News Centre, 2012). Gates mother, Mary Gates was a school teacher in University of Washington regent and chairwoman of United Way International. Bill Gates received elementary school and the private Lakeside School. There, Bill Gates found his interest in software and commenced programming computers at the age of 13. Subsequent to that, in 1973, Gates entered Harvard University but he was unable to continue further his studies and after leaving Harvard, he utilized his energy and efforts to Microsoft, which began in 1975 with Paul Allen, a childhood friend of Bill Gates. Under the leadership of Bill Gates, Microsoft mission has been to continually improve software technology along with making it cost effective and more enjoyable for computer users. Leadership style and behavior Analysis Analysis of leadership style Transformational leadership occurs when individuals engage with each other in a way that the follower and the leader raise one another to higher status of motivation and morality. Effective transformational leaders may represent transactional behaviors or traits. But their leadership style also consists of one or more of the characteristics including inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and idealized vision (Bass 1985). Participative and delegative leadership style is considerably adopted by Bill Gates. By employing both leadership styles, Bill Gates optimally uses his workforce. He wants them to provide their contribution and participation in the work. And at the same time, he expects them to develop a feeling that they are the significant part of the Microsoft. The advantages of this approach are that the employees would remain motivated and give their best efforts in order to ente rtain the work related goals and objectives. However, some critics contend that Bill Gates uses autocratic approach and prefers to attain his corporate objectives as wants to; Bill Gates adopts bureaucratic management style to achieve the commercial objectives (Management paradise, n.d.). Analysis of leadership behavior Transformational leadership supports behaviors attached with inspirational motivations (e.g., expressing a vision that followers find meaningful but challenging),

Economics of Environment and Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics of Environment and Energy - Essay Example This applies especially to those who only view environmental concerns, as anti-economic Transitioning to a low carbon economy is indispensable if the world is to continue uninterrupted by environmental degradation. Researchers have made a prediction that continued greenhouse gas emissions would result in a rise of temperature by 6Â °C before 22nd century. This temperature rise will result in problems such as drought and floods, global instability, public health related deaths and rampant migrations of people. All these problems will befall the world community including the UK. For the world to avoid these disastrous effects, global carbon dioxide emissions must fall to at least 50% below the levels of 1990 by the year 2050 (DECC, 2011,pp 3). This will ensure that world temperatures will not rise more than 2Â °C. In some past UN talks, the European Union promised to cut carbon dioxide emissions to 20% below the levels of 1990 by the year 2020. To reduce carbon dioxide emissions and fund emissions cuts in developing countries, the European Union has created the world’s largest emissions scheme (Leticia et al, 2012). The transition to reduce carbon dioxide emissions will happen but not without challenges. The UK will face the challenge of getting alternative energy sources that are environmentally friendly to run industries. Climate change needs urgent solutions to prevent ecological catastrophes, political and economic instability, and human suffering. According to Lund (2009, p.88), efforts to minimize greenhouse gas emissions will provide international security and improve energy, new economic opportunities, a fair society and a better environment. This paper will deal with energy consumption trends and prices in the UK, role of competitive markets in delivering the low carbon economy and government’s intervention in fostering the economy. The trends in energy consumption and prices have been on the rise in the whole world with the challenges of employing the use of environmentally sources of energy. Energy production of 2010 was down by 5.3% compared to the 2009 production in the United Kingdom (DECC, 2012, pp 2). Energy consumption normally becomes high during cold seasons, and thus in a cold year we expect a rise in energy consumption. This happens because people use lots of energy to keep warm their dwellings during cold times. In 2010, the final energy consumption rose by 4.4% while primary consumption of energy was up by 3.2%. However, the primary consumption on the temperature-adjusted basis fell down by 0.4 per cent. This happened because the average temperatures of the year 2010 were 1.1Â °C below those of 2009. The year 2010 saw the UK remaining a net energy importer, importing 28 per cent of its energy requirement. Because of reduced nuclear output due to outages, imports of liquefied natural gas increased. The tables below show the final energy consumption in the year 2010. By users Sector Percentage Transport 35.0 Domestic 30.5 Non-energy use 5.5 Iron and steel industry 1.0 Other industries 16.5 Other final users 11.5 By fuels Type of fuel Percentage consumption Natural gas 33.0 Electricity 17.5 Petroleum 45.5 Others 4.0 The final total energy consumption was 159.1 million tones of oil equivalent. From the tables, we can see that UK had increased dependency on fossil fuels, and the transport sector was the leading consumer of total energy consumption. In the fourth quarter of 2011, total energy production fell by 13% as compared to the productions in the

THE GREAT GLOBAL WARNING SWINDLE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

THE GREAT GLOBAL WARNING SWINDLE - Essay Example The relentless quest for the so called betterment of society has resulted in a drastic increase in the so called greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Many studies have shown that these gases that are released from factories and other manufacturing establishments have contributed to warming of the earth’s atmosphere. This factor could have far reaching consequences with regard to survival of the human species and other living organisms in the planet in the sense that increased temperature could result in rising of the levels of water bodies in the world. The argument is that polar ice caps will begin to melt resulting in rise in water levels of the oceans and seas across the globe. This rise in water levels can result in large areas of inhabited land being inundated by seas and oceans, ultimately resulting in destruction of human habitation (and other species). In effect, the layman is now presented with an apocalypse view of what might happen to Mot her Earth if this so called progress of technology is left unchecked. In fact, it is one of the most controversial and contentious issues that is probably facing the world in the long run. What is to be considered is that temperatures have risen overall that life in any form is precious and any activity that is detrimental to this should be stopped. This argument, primarily by environmentalists and those concerned with sustainability is that industrialization in its current form is a sure way to ensure destruction of life on planet earth. But other arguments by equally qualified scientists and other experts show that human activity does not have the capability to imbalance the power of nature. In other words, the so called pollution and the greenhouse gases is not a major factor in contributing to the future of life on earth for any species including human beings. One of the most controversial films regarding the

Abnormal Psychology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abnormal Psychology - Lab Report Example They can be intrusive thoughts or can be experienced as distressing impulses. The second manifestation consists of physical tension. Muscles tense in a state of readiness, whether there is an actual threat or not. If the muscles involved in the tensing action are not relieved, the tension can become chronic, creating a necessity for some sort of intervention to calm the body. The third type of symptom are physical symptoms which can range from heart palpitations and nausea to sweating and fainting. The fourth set of effects can be identified as disassociative anxiety which can be seen through symptoms of depresonalization, derealization, out-of-body experiences, hallucinations, waves of dark mood patterns, episodes of numbness, and amnesia (Healy, 2009, p. 136-137). There are a great number of anxiety disorders that range in effect from long term to short term. These disorders can include, but are not limited to: stage fright, neurotic anxiety, phobic neurosis, panic disorder, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, hysterical or disassociate disorders, hypochondriasis, and a generalized anxiety disorder which has individuated manifestations (Healy, 2009). Large scale events that happen at a public level can cause people who were not directly involved in the incidents to have anxiety problems after the occurrences of those events. Events such as terrorists attacks can cause individual to have a sense of a lack of safety, the concept manifesting in post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTST, as the individual tries to process the change in the way in which they perceive their world. According to a study done in the United States five months after the events of the World Trade Towers being destroyed on 11 September, 2001 with a surveyed group of 2,126 people, 17% of those people who were outside of New York were in

Power Reforms Essay Example for Free

Power Reforms Essay Electricity is central to achieving economic, social and environmental objectives of sustainable human development. In fact it has become essential ingredient for improving the quality of life and its absence is usually associated with poverty and poor quality of life. India has the fifth largest generation capacity in the world with an installed capacity of 173,626 MW as in March 2011. The power sector added record conventional capacities of 12,160 MW during 2010-11. However, despite the Indian power sector having shown substantial growth during the post-independence era, the sector has been ailing from serious functional problems during the past few decades. In 2010-11, India faced power deficit of 10 per cent and peak demand shortage of 13.3 per cent. In this backdrop, Power sector reforms were first initiated in India in 1992 by the Ministry of Power (MoP) to invite private investments in power generation to bridge the demand-supply gap. However, private investments failed to yield much benefit due to serious deficiencies and losses in electricity distribution in most of the State Electricity Boards (SEBs). Post 2001, Reforms were oriented around: 1. Unbundling of the state electricity boards.  2. Corporatization of generation, transmission and distribution sector 3. Setting up of independent central and state electricity regulatory commissions. 4. Passing of the Electricity Act, 2003 which mandates licensee-free thermal generation, non-discriminatory open access of the transmission system and gradual implementation of open access in the distribution system which will pave way for creation of power market in India. In the power sector reform process, Distribution segment was identified as the key area for reform for putting the sector on the right track. Distribution Reforms involve System up-gradation, Loss reduction, Theft control, Consumer orientation, Commercialization and adoption of IT. In this direction, the Government launched the Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (APDRP) during the 10th Five Year Plan (2002-07) for the strengthening of Sub – Transmission and Distribution network and reduction in ATC losses. Continuing its support for power distribution reforms, the Government launched the Restructured APDRP (R-APDRP) in the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12) with revised terms and conditions. Thus, Two key issues emerge as far as performance and reforms of any distribution company are concerned:- 1. Revenue realization which means reduction of ATC Losses 2. Consumer satisfaction The above factors are mutually reinforcing whereby improvement in one leads to the same for other as well. Technology has emerged as a major enabler of any reform process and this holds true for power sector reforms as well. New technological initiatives have been taken by many states especially in the distribution sector which have aided performance of the distribution companies therein. This paper seeks to throw light on how the above two key issues are being addressed through the use of e-governance mechanisms in KESCO i.e. Kanpur Electricity Supply Company Ltd. Kanpur Electricity Supply Company Ltd., formerly KESA, was restructured as a company on 14 January 2000 under U.P. Electricity reform act 1999. This company is registered for distribution of electricity in the area under Kanpur City (Urban). KESCo is serving around 700 bulk consumers and 4,35,000 other consumers of domestic, commercial and power categories connected to grid through 66 no. 33 KV substations and 340 no. 11 KV feeders after receiving electricity from 7 transmission substation of 220 KV and 132 KV of U.P. Power Transmission Corporation Ltd. It has a peak demand of around 500 MW and annual turnover of around 1000 crores. Coming back to the above two objectives, the situation before the initiatives were launched in KESCO and measures taken therein are as follows: 1. Revenue Realization The biggest challenge of the power sector as far as revenue realization is concerned is the high Aggregate Technical Commercial (ATC) losses. The ATC losses are presently in the range of 18% to 62% in various states in India. The major portion of losses are due to theft and pilferage, which is estimated at about Rs.20,000 crore annually. Apart from rampant theft, the distribution sector is beset with poor billing (only 55%) and collection (only 41%) efficiency in almost in all States. It is estimated that 1% reduction in TD losses would generate savings of over Rs.700 to Rs.800 crores. The line diagram demonstrated below is well explanatory of facts mentioned above:- For KESCO, As far as indicators of Revenue realization are concerned it has high ATC losses to the tune of 29%(March 2011) .Apart from this, other statistics are also not very encouraging with an average turnout of 65% . There was no end to end tracking of theft checking and raids, revenue assessment and realization therein. Not only that, even for billed but non-paying consumers, there was no accurate record of disconnections done and subsequent action thereon for such consumers. Apart from that many consumers were still having defective /mechanical meters installed at their premises, and thus being billed on average basis. There was no mechanism to have a daily tracking of meter replacement work and advices of meters were taking upto3-4 months. Three key fields of revenue realization in above flowchart i.e. Theft and improper metering, collection deficiency, increasing customer base have been targeted through unique initiatives in KESCO. First In this backdrop is a unique , only of its kind in the country, mobile phone based tracking system by the name of M-Drishti introduced in KESCO to ensure end to end tracking of in- field revenue oriented activities: 1. Raids 2. Meter Replacement 3. Disconnections 4. Section 138 Under M-Drishti, 2G internet services have been activated on the official mobile numbers of all distribution officials right from JEs and Assistant Engineers to Chief Engineer. Separate User Id and Passwords have been created for them and they will log in the Mobile M-Drishti interface and fill in details of whatever activities they undertake in field. Screenshot of the mobile phones for activity options is as shown:- So whenever there is a meter checking or katiya raid, a brief report is filled on the spot and sent via phone to the central server. Similarly for any disconnection done against electricity dues or FIR lodged under section 138 of Electricity Supply Act, the information of action taken on spot has to be submitted then and there for addition in the central database. On the server end once the information is collected, the updation is done by the concerned division. So for raid tracking, once revenue assessment and compounding amount at the field level has been entered, it can be edited and information of final assessment done at division, realization therein, Action taken in terms of issuance of notices under section3 and 5, final amount realized etc, can be done by the concerned division. Similar holds true for disconnections done, amount realized therein, action taken in case of non realization etc. For meter replacement a daily report of meters replaced whether defective/mechanical/otherwise is available and is available for linking with online advice. The software generates various MIS reports whereby day/month /JE/Division wise performance with respect to above four activities can be monitored.

Risk Factors Analysis of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Infection

Risk Factors Analysis of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Infection Seroprevallence and risk factors analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of chickens in Bhola district, Bangladesh. Mahfuzul Islam  and Md. Shahidur Rahman Khan ABSTRACT This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors (types of chickens, age groups and seasons) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection in chickens. The study was conducted from April 2011 to March 2012. A total of 480 blood samples were collected considering types of chicken (backyard chicken and commercial layer chicken), age groups (pullet, adult and old) and seasons (summer and winter) from different upazila of Bhola district of Bangladesh. On the basis of serum plate agglutination test, 268 chickens were found positive for MG (55.83%). According to the results, the higher (62.5%) and lower (53.61%) prevalence of MG infection was found in backyard chickens and commercial layer chicken respectively. The prevalence was recorded highest in pullets (60.63%) followed by adult (55.63%) and old chickens (51.25%), respectively. The prevalence was highest (60.42%) in winter and lowest (51.25%) in summer. It is usually recommended that MG infection is still an importan t disease problem in chickens in Bangladesh. So, preventive strategies, such as appropriate husbandry and hygiene, sanitary handling of chicks and eggs, routine health monitoring, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination should be emphasized. Keywords: chickens, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, risk factors, seroprevalence. INTRODUCTION In Bangladesh, poultry industry has made remarkable progress in the last decades from a backyard venture to a considerably sophisticated commercial industry. In spite of the rapid growth of poultry industry, it is still prone to certain infectious threats which may cause great economic losses. Inadequate measures adopted by the stakeholders for the control of diseases in addition to certain management problems have rendered the poultry farming a risky business. A number of microbial diseases are the major health hazards being faced by poultry industry, among which mycoplasmosis is the most important. Mycoplasmosis is caused by four major pathogens viz. M. gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS), M. meleagrides (MM) and M. iowae (MI) (Bradbury, 2001 and Evans et al., 2005) of which MG is the most important species that causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens (Ley, 2008). Birds of all age groups are susceptible to this disease but young birds are more prone to infection than adults (Seifi and Shirzad, 2012). MG is readily transmitted horizontally from both clinically infected and carrier birds through direct contact. Mycoplasma organisms can survive in the host bird for approximately 24 hours and fomites can serve as an infectious route. Vertical transmission from some carrier birds occurs through trans-ovarian transmission. Poultry can carry the MG organisms with no clinical signs until a stressful event triggers clinical disease. Incubation period varies from 6-21 days and presentation of clinical signs can be highly variable (Ley, 2008). The clinical signs with MG infection in chicken include respiratory rales, nasal discharge, coughing, and occasionally conjunctivitis (Ley, 2003). MG can be diagnosed by studying their different properties such as morphological, cultural characteristics, biochemical and serological properties of the causal agent (Ley, 2008). Among serological tests the serum plate agglutination (SPA) test could be used as a tool for quick detection of MG infection (Seifi and Shirzad, 2012). Commercially available attenuated strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) are commonly used as vaccine within the layer industry to control MG-induced mycoplasmosis (Evans et al., 2012). However, total eradication of MG infection through test and slaughter is the most effective control method (Ley, 2003). But in practical it is expensive and the emergence of multiage complexes in the commercial layer industry makes this approach impractical (Levisohn and Kleven, 2000). Due to economic importance diagnosis and prophylaxis of avian mycoplasmosis have received attention. Reports on seroprevalence of mycoplasmosis in chickens are very much limited in the Bhola district of Bangladesh. So, the aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection in chickens and analysis the risk factors (types of chickens, age groups and seasons) to take effective control measures such as appropr iate husbandry and hygiene, sanitary handling of chicks and eggs, routine health monitoring, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted in the Laboratory of District veterinary hospital, District Livestock Office, Bhola, Bangladesh during the period from April 2011 to March 2012. Study area and selection of bird: A total of 480 blood samples were collected from the wing vein of unvaccinated and healthy chickens considering types of chicken (Backyard Chicken and Commercial layer Chicken), age groups (pullet, adult and old) and seasons (summer and winter) from different upazila of Bhola district of Bangladesh Blood collection and serum preparation: In live birds, 2 mL blood were collected from wing vein by using fresh disposable plastic syringe (5 mL) and collected blood was kept in room temperature for about 1-2 hour(s). A clean straw color serum was seen around the clotted clump and the serum was poured into a labeled screw capped vial and stored at -20 ºC until used. Serum plate agglutination (SPA) test: The SPA test was conducted with crystal violet stained M. gallisepticum commercial antigen (Nobilis ® MG) obtained from Intervet Company Ltd. (The Netherlands). Following the manufacturers instruction, 0.03 mL antigen and 0.03 mL serum was placed side by side with pipette in a glass plate and mixed well by stirring with glass rod, followed by rocking. Results were read within 2 min. In positive cases granules were formed slowly which could be seen during rocking. In the negative case, no such granules were formed. Agglutination was assigned score from +1 to +3. Only the sera samples having agglutination score +2 or greater were recorded as positive and were included for calculation of percent prevalence. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Overall prevalence of MG infection in backyard and commercial layer chicken The overall prevalence of MG infection was 55.83% (Table 1). The present finding is in agreement with previous reports of Godoy et al. (2001), Biswas et al. (2003) and Zhang et al. (2001) who reported 59.1%, 54.9% and 53.0% seroprevalence of MG infection in chickens, respectively. Results also showed a higher prevalence of M. gallisepticum in backyard checkens (62.5%) as compared to commercial layer chicken (53.61%). Hossain et al. (2007) showed the overall seroprevalence of MG infection in different flocks of commercial layer chicken in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh was recorded as 55.13%. Similar reports were demonstrated by Sikder et al. (2005) who reported 56.9% seropositive layer chickens for MG infection in Patuakhali district and by Sarkar et al. (2005) who reported 58.9% seropositive layer chickens for MG infection in some model breeder poultry farms in Feni district of Bangladesh. On the other hand, there was no seroprevallence data available in case of backyard checkens. But in this studty the higher prevalence of M. gallisepticum in backyard checkens is may be due to more natural infection. Prevalence of MG infection in different ages Results showed the maximum prevalence in pullets (60.63%) followed by adult (55.63%) and old (51.25) chickens, respectively (Table 2). Previously, Mukhtar et al. (2012) recorded the highest prevalence (54.84 %) was found in pullets, followed by 46.34 %, and 44.44 % in adult and old laying flocks, respectively. This finding also supports the report of Hossain et al. (2007) who recorded the highest prevalence of MG infection was 72.72% in 18-25 weeks age group whereas lowest prevalence was 44.00% in 66 weeks and above age group. Similar report was also demonstrated by Sikder et al. (2005) who reported highest MG infection (71.42%) at 18 weeks of age and lowest (55.17%) at 63 weeks of age. This finding also supports the report of Sarkar et al. (2005) who recorded 73.80% MG infection at 20 weeks of age in comparison to 45.16% at 55 weeks of age. Highest infection in the young chickens is due to the vertical transmission of the organisms. Seasonal incidence of MG infection Results showed a higher prevalence of M. gallisepticum in winter (60.42%) as compared to the summer (51.25%) season (Table 3) and similar report was published earlier (Sarkar et al., 2005) that reported 62.4% prevalence of MG infection in winter in comparison to 53.1% in summer. Similar to our findings, higher prevalence of MG infection during winter season (61.48 %) than in summer (47.74 %) has been reported earlier (Heleili et al., 2011). Mukhtar et al. (2012) showed the disease was more prevalent in winter season (45.13 %) in comparison with the summer season (36.30 %). Hossain et al. (2007) showed the seropositivity in chickens was 61.49% in winter compared to 47.74% in summer. Similar report was demonstrated by Sarkar et al. (2005) who reported 62.44% prevalence in winter in comparison to 53.10% in summer. This seasonal variation in infection might be due to the sudden change in temperature and cold stress on the birds. CONCLUSIONS In consequence, M. gallisepticum is prevalent in Bhola district of Bangladesh and also it could cause severe economic losses. The prevalence of MG infection is higher in backyard chickens in comparison to commercial layer chickens. Additionally, it was proved that the occurrence of MG have a consequential relationship with age groups and seasons. Keeping in view, efforts should be made towards educating the poultry farmers for the effective control of MG in both backyard and commercial poultry farms through improving biosecurity. Moreover, detailed studied on the country wide prevalence of MG should be designed to know the current status of disease in Bangladesh. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author expresses his deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. Pradip Kumar Karmaker, District Livestock Officer, Bhola for his constructive and informative suggestions and constant inspiration in course of the research work period. REFERENCES Biswas PK, Rahman MA, Biswas D, Ahmed S (2003). A longitudinal study on the prevalence of endemic diseases affecting semi-scavenging poultry reared under PLDP area. Paper presented in 9th BSVER Conference, Publication No. 24: 24-25. Bradbury JM (2001). Avian mycoplasmosis. In: Poultry Diseases, 5th edn, W. B. Saunders Company, Iowa, USA; pp 178-193. Evans JD, Leigh SA, Branton SL, Collier SD, Pharr GT and Bearson SM (2005). Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Current and developing means to control the avian pathogen. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 14:757-763. Evans JD, Leigh SA, Purswell JL, Jacob R, Peebles ED, Collier SD, Branton SL (2012). A comparative study of live attenuated F strain-derived Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines. Avian Dis., Jun;56:396-401. Godoy A, Andrade LF, Colmenares O, Bermudez V, Herrera A, Munoz N (2001). Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in egg-laying hens. Vet. Trop., 26: 25-33. Heleili N, Mamache BI, Chelihi A. (2011), Incidence of Avian Mycoplasmosis in theregion of Batna, Eastern Algeria. Vet. World, 4: 101-105. Hossain KMM, Ali MY, Haque MI (2007), Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chicken in the greater rajshahi district of Bangladesh, Bangladesh J. Vet. Med. 5: 09–14. Levisohn S, Kleven SH (2000). Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum). Rev. Sci. Tech., 19: 425-442. Ley DH (2003). Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In: Diseases of poultry. 11th ed. (Calnek BW, Barnes HJ, Beard CW, McDougald LR, Saif YM, eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa; pp 722-744. Ley DH (2008). Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In: Disease of Poultry, 12th edn. (Fadly AM, Gilson JR, Mc Dougald LR, Nolan LK and Swanye DE, eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. pp 807-834. Mukhtar M, Awais MM, Anwar MI, Hussain Z, Bhatti N, Ali S (2012), Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum among commercial layers in Faisalabad, Pakistan. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 8: 183-186. Sarkar SK, Rahman MB, Rahman M, Amin KMR, Khan MFR, Rahman MM (2005). Sero-prevalence of Mycoplasma galliseplicum infection in chickens in model breeder poultry farms of Bangladesh. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 32-35. Seifi S and Shirzad MR (2012). Seroprevalence and risk factors of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in Iranian broiler breeder farms. Int. J. Anim. Veter. Adv., 4: 45-48. Sikder AJ, Islam MA, Rahman MM, Rahman MB (2005). Seroprevalence of Salmonella and Mycoplasma gallisetpticum infection in the six model breeder poultry farms at Patuakhili district in Bangladesh. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 905-910. Zhang JH, Wang DRBi MH, Han B, Gao AX (2001). Prevalence and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in broilers in Inner Mongolia. Chin. J. Vet. Sci. Technol., 31: 12-13. Table 1: Overall seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens Legend: No.=Number, %=Percentage Table 2: Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum among various age group Legend: No.=Number, %=Percentage Table 3: Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum among seasons Legend: No.=Number, %=Percentage 1

Sole proprietorship

Sole proprietorship Sole Proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a business owned by a single person. Advantages of the Sole Proprietorship: A. Simplicity B. Autonomy C. Sole Gain D. Single Tax E. Shelter Income Disadvantages of the Sole Proprietorship: A. Limited resources B. Unlimited and Unshared Liability Key Characteristics: A. Liability-Liability is totally the sole proprietors. Meaning that there is no difference between the sole proprietor business and personal assets they are one and if the business fails or the sole proprietor is sued the creditors and litigants can come after both as if they are one. B. Income Taxes-The sole proprietor and the business are taxed as one. C. Longevity or Continuity of the Organization-If the sole proprietor dies the business goes with him. D. Control-The sole proprietor controls everything in the business. He and/or she can do it all their own of hire someone else to do it. E. Profit Retention-The sole proprietor keeps all of the profits F. Convenience of Burden-There are only a few instances when you have to have a register with the state or federal government. When you run a business under a different name then your own or you supply certain things that require licensure. General Partnership: By definition, is when two or more people come together to run a business. Advantages: A. Partners keep all the profit. B. The partnership is free from Federal income tax. C. Partnerships profits or losses pass directly to the partners as personal income for federal tax purposes. D. Partnerships permit pooling of capital, talent and a sharing of risk. Disadvantages: A. The death of a partner may automatically end the partnership-with serious consequences to all concerned. B. Unlimited personal liability of all the partners. Key Characteristics: A. Liability-The partnership has unlimited personal liability. B. Income Taxes-There is no Federal tax for the partnership, but they can claim their profits and their losses on their personal taxes. C. Longevity -The longevity of the business is based on the contract they had drawn up before the business was started in case of buyout and/or Death. D. Control-The control of the business is based on what the partners agree on. E. Profit Retention-All the profits go to the partners. F. Convenience or Burden-The partnership should have a contract drawn up that describes exactly what each partner has contributited to the business, what share of the profits each partner will receive, duration of the partnership and the breaking up and closing of the business in case circumstances arise. If this is done then a partnership would be a good venture. Limited Partnerships: By definition, the limited partnership is at least one limited partner and at least one general partner. Advantages: A. The limited partner can make a profit without much effort. B. If the company fails, the limited partner only losses the amount they had invested. Disadvantages: A. The limited partner has a very limited control in the running of the business. B. It is very hard for the limited partner to get there investment out of a limited partnership. Key Characteristics: A. Liability-The majority of the liability is taken on by the general partners not the limited partners. B. Income Taxes-If the partnership has two or more of the following things then it will be taxed as a corporation; Freely transferable ownership papers Continuing of life Participation of limited partners in management of the business Very limited liability of the limited partner in the debt of the business if it goes bankrupt (All Business, 2010) (All Business, 2010) C. Longevity-The longevity of the limited partnership is based solely on the contracts drawn up. D. Profit retention-The limited partner gets a percentage of the profits. E. Convenience or Burden-The limited partnership is best for the limited partner if they want to use it as an investment tool. C Corporation: By definition, the C corporation means closely held corporation. They are small none traded corporations, usually but not always limited to no more than 30 shareholders. Advantages: A. The closely held corporation is its own legal entity, as long as all the rules and bylaws are followed at the local, state, and/or federal level then there is limited liability. B. Closely held corporations can have benefit health plans, which will be better retirement and health insurance plans then those of non-corporation businesses. C. The health insurance is fully deductible and up to a certain amount of group term life insurance benefits per employee. D. Should a shareholder die or wish to cash out his or her shares, the corporation will still continue. E. It is a lot easier to get investment capital in a corporation then it is in other businesses. F. Employees can be offered stock option plans. Disadvantages: A. Double taxed. Which means after the corporation pays its taxes on the income the corporation makes, the shareholder will be taxed again on the profits they receive from their profits on their shares. B. You must follow the local, state and/or federal laws when it comes to incorporating to the letter. If they are not followed then the shareholders may be held liable for any situation that comes along. C. It costs more to have a corporation than any non-corporation business. D. It takes more time and effort to maintain a corporation then a non-corporation. Key Characteristics: A. Liability -As long as all the local, state and/or federal laws are followed then there is very limited liability. B. Income Taxes-A C-corporation is what is called double taxed. Meaning once the corporation pays the business tax then any profits the shareholders make are then taxed again. C. Longevity -The only way a C-corporation can be dissolved is if it is voted on and agreed to by the shareholders and very careful set of rules are followed. It doesnt matter if a shareholder dies or cashs in their shares the corporation continues. D. Control-A c corporation usually has a president, vice president and secretary-treasurer. Anyone or all of those people control the corporation. E. Profit retention-The closely held corporations profit depends on what percentage of stock each shareholder holds. F. Convenience or Burden-In order to form a c-corporation there has to be different local, state and/or federal law that must be followed and certain things that must be done to incorporate the business. S Corporation: By definition, the S Corporation means Subchapter S Corporation, it comes from the tax code from which it is taxed. An s-corporation is limited to no more than one hundred shareholders. Advantages: A. Since the corporate losses are passed thru to the shareholders, they are able to take is as a loss on their taxes. B. You will have limited personal liability without having to pay high corporate taxes. C. It is a lot easier to get investment capital in a corporation then it is in other businesses. Disadvantages: A. There are a lot of rules to follow and the amount of shareholders is limited. B. It will be costly to set up and follow the rigid set of corporate rules and laws. C. There will be close scrutiny by the I.R.S. D. All shareholders must be U.S. citizens. E. All shareholders must vote for the S corp. F. The corporation cant deduct the benefits like health and or accident insurance. Key Characteristics: A. Liability-the shareholder is only liable for the debts the corporation has up to how much they have invested. Exceptions Include: 1. If the shareholder guarantees a business loan. 2. If it is ruled by the courts that the business is a scam. B. Income Tax-S corporations are corporations that elect to pass corporate income, losses, deductions and credit through to their shareholders for federal tax purposes. Shareholders of S corporations report the flow-through of income and losses on their personal tax returns and are assessed tax at their individual income tax rates. This allows S corporations to avoid double taxation on the corporate income. S corporations are responsible for tax on certain built-in gains and passive income. C. Longevity-The S corporation is a perpetual entity and is not affected by the death of a shareholder. D. Control-The shareholders, the board of directors and the officers of the corporation all control the corporation. E. Profit Retention-In an S corporation all Officers, the Board of Directors and shareholder-employees must be paid a reasonable salary from the corporate earnings. F. Convenience or burden-Many rules and regulations must by follow the corporation, including the number of shareholders. Also, it can be costly to set and follow corporate formalities. LLC By definition, an LLC means Limited Liability Company. It is a business that brings a partnership and a corporation together. Advantages: A. LLCs offer pass-through tax statues similar to that of a partnership. B. Corporations are required to hold meetings and record minutes on those meetings each year; LLCs are not. The amount of paperwork needed to purchase assets, open bank accounts or make changes within the company is also significantly reduced in an LLC. C. LLCs provide owners with a degree of liability protection, such as also provided by a C corporation. Owners of both C Corporations and LLCs are typically not responsible for the debts and liabilities of the business. Disadvantages: A. Many investors will not invest in LLCs, because its a business structure that is not understood. B. LLCs dont have employee stock option plans. C. You cant switch from an LLC to a C or S corporation like you can switch from a C to S corporation. D. Some states dont allow single-member LLCs. Key Characteristics: A. Liability-LLCs are not personally responsible for debts of the business. B. Income tax-LLCs are taxed at the personal level. C. Longevity or continuity of the organization-Operating agreement can require a number to obtain interest beyond transferring interest. D. Control-persons and other legal entities composed of persons (such as trusts and other corporations can have the right to vote or receive dividends once declared by the board of directors. In case of for-profit corporations, these voters hold shares or stock and are thus called shareholders or stockholders. When no stockholders exist, a corporation has members who have the right to vote on its operations. Voting members are not the only members of a â€Å"corporation†. The members of a non-stock corporation are identified in the Articles of incorporation and the titles of the member classes may include â€Å"Trustee,† †Active,† †Associate,† and /or â€Å"Honorary.† However, each of these listed in the Articles of Incorporation are members or the corporation. E. Profit retention-Members share in the profit are proportion to how they invested in the business. F. Convenience or burden-LLCs dont allow single member companies, LLCs arent conducive to employee stock option plans and Investors will not invest in LLCs. (Haus, 2011) (All Business, 2010) (All Business, 2010) (All Business, 2010) (All Business, 2010)

What would Maurits Cornelis Escher’s Regular Division of the Plane with

Research Question: What would Maurits Cornelis Escher’s Regular Division of the Plane with Birds look like on the torus? Maurits Cornelis Escher was born in Leeuwarden, Holland in 1898. He showed an interest in design and drawing, and this led him to a career in graphic art. His work was not given much recognition until 1956 when he had his first important exhibition which led him to worldwide fame. He was inspired by the math he read about and his work related to those mathematical principles. This is interesting because he only had formal mathematical training through secondary school. He worked with non-Euclidean geometry and â€Å"impossible† figures. His work covered two main areas: geometry of space and logic of space. They included tessellations, polyhedras, and images relating to the shape of space, the logic of space, science, and artificial intelligence (Smith, B. Sidney). Although Escher worked with a wide variety of art, the main focus of this paper will be tessellations. This brings me to my research question: how does Maurits Cornelis Escher’s Regular Division of the Plane w ith Birds relate to the tiling view of the torus? Tessellations and the torus are related to mathematics in the areas of geometry, topology, and the geometry of space. â€Å"A regular tiling of polygons (in two dimensions), polyhedras (three dimensions), or polytopes (n dimensions) is called a tessellation.† (Weisstein, Eric W.). Tessellations, or regular divisions of the plane, cover the entire plane without leaving any gaps or overlapping (http://www.mathacademy.com/pr/minitext/escher/). The word â€Å"tessellate† comes from the Greek word â€Å"tesseres† which means four in English. This relates to tessellations 2 because the first ones were made of square ... ...oks, Inc., 1999. Index of /internet-cd/Test/Escher. 22 October, 1997. 28 July. 2005. . Locher, J.L. M.C. Escher. New York: Harry N Abrams, 1992. M. C. Escher print: Study of the Regular Division of the Plane with Horsemen. Skaalid, Bonnie. Web Design for Instruction. 28 July. 2005. . Softimage-3D Importer - Example Renderings. Okino Computer Graphics. 28 July. 2005. . Tessellation. Weisstein, Eric W. Wolfram Research, Inc. 28 July. 2005. . The Mathematical Art of M.C. Escher. Smith, B. Sidney. Math Academy Online. 20 July. 2005. . The Oldest Escher Collection on the Web. Cordon Art. 28 July. 2005. . What would Maurits Cornelis Escher’s Regular Division of the Plane with Research Question: What would Maurits Cornelis Escher’s Regular Division of the Plane with Birds look like on the torus? Maurits Cornelis Escher was born in Leeuwarden, Holland in 1898. He showed an interest in design and drawing, and this led him to a career in graphic art. His work was not given much recognition until 1956 when he had his first important exhibition which led him to worldwide fame. He was inspired by the math he read about and his work related to those mathematical principles. This is interesting because he only had formal mathematical training through secondary school. He worked with non-Euclidean geometry and â€Å"impossible† figures. His work covered two main areas: geometry of space and logic of space. They included tessellations, polyhedras, and images relating to the shape of space, the logic of space, science, and artificial intelligence (Smith, B. Sidney). Although Escher worked with a wide variety of art, the main focus of this paper will be tessellations. This brings me to my research question: how does Maurits Cornelis Escher’s Regular Division of the Plane w ith Birds relate to the tiling view of the torus? Tessellations and the torus are related to mathematics in the areas of geometry, topology, and the geometry of space. â€Å"A regular tiling of polygons (in two dimensions), polyhedras (three dimensions), or polytopes (n dimensions) is called a tessellation.† (Weisstein, Eric W.). Tessellations, or regular divisions of the plane, cover the entire plane without leaving any gaps or overlapping (http://www.mathacademy.com/pr/minitext/escher/). The word â€Å"tessellate† comes from the Greek word â€Å"tesseres† which means four in English. This relates to tessellations 2 because the first ones were made of square ... ...oks, Inc., 1999. Index of /internet-cd/Test/Escher. 22 October, 1997. 28 July. 2005. . Locher, J.L. M.C. Escher. New York: Harry N Abrams, 1992. M. C. Escher print: Study of the Regular Division of the Plane with Horsemen. Skaalid, Bonnie. Web Design for Instruction. 28 July. 2005. . Softimage-3D Importer - Example Renderings. Okino Computer Graphics. 28 July. 2005. . Tessellation. Weisstein, Eric W. Wolfram Research, Inc. 28 July. 2005. . The Mathematical Art of M.C. Escher. Smith, B. Sidney. Math Academy Online. 20 July. 2005. . The Oldest Escher Collection on the Web. Cordon Art. 28 July. 2005. .

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

Animal Farm Plot Summary Chapter I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Jones, the owner of â€Å"Manor Farm†, was an irresponsible farmer. He was too drunk to take good care of his animals. The barn animals were fed up with the way Mr. Jones treated them; thus they would occasionally have secret meetings at night. Old Major, their leader, had organized a meeting that would be held in the big barn. That night, the pigs Snowball, Napoleon and Squealer, the hens, the ducks the two horses Boxer and Clover, Muriel the goat and Benjamin the donkey and the rest all came just to hear what the old pig had to say about the strange dream he had the previous night. He dreamt about an ideal world. He talked to them about life, about their situation in life and the problems in life. Their only problem was Man. Man used them for his own purposes: his own needs. That, to them, seemed wrong and they knew that they had to do something about it. Old Major mentioned a Rebellion and it was all the animals hoped for. But it was up to them to rebel. Then he thought them a song â€Å"Beasts of England† that they sang on and on to memorize. Analysis Chapter I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George Orwell’s Animal Farm is an allegory* it concerns the toppling of the Russian Imperial rule and its replacement by the communist regime. In this light, the characters introduced in Chapter I represent real, historical figures: Mr. Jones is the Czar, Old Major is Lenin and Marx at the same time and as for the rest of the animals, their role will become clear as the story progresses. The animals on Manor Farm (Imperial Russia) ended live in unacceptable conditions, as is evidenced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the ironies in this chapter is that the animals are not aware of their lamentable living conditions. This is shown the night that Old Major organized the meeting in the big barn. The animals are surprised and shocked when they realize that they shouldn’t be treated like that. Plot Summary Chapter II   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A couple of days after the barn meeting, Old Major died. The animals of the farm where preparing for the revolution. Snowball and Napoleon assumed leadership and began giving them speeches about Animalism; everything Old Major had talked about. The animals only rebelled when Mr. Jones went away for a couple of days and his men forgot to feed them. The starving animals broke the store-shed’s door and ate from the bins.

The Tomatis Method Essay -- Health Medical Essays

The Tomatis Method Dr. Alfred A. Tomatis is a French ear, nose, and throat doctor who made astonishing medical and psychological discoveries that led to audio-psycho-phonology, or the Tomatis method. Also called â€Å"auditory training†, auditory stimulation†, and â€Å"listening therapy†, the purpose of this treatment is to reeducate the way we listen, and it is used in over two hundred and fifty centers around the world. (http://www.tomatis.com/overview.html) The Tomatis method claims to benefit a wide variety of people. People suffering from auditory processing problems, dyslexia, attention deficit disorder, autism, and learning disorders can improve their communication and social behavior by auditory stimulation, which can eliminate or reduce the severity of the disorder. This is based on the belief that the symptoms of these disorders are not caused by the disorder itself, but by a sensory regulation problem that begins in our most primordial sensory instrument, the inner ear. (http://www.tomatis.net/Tomatis_tomatis.html) In addition, those suffering from depression, low self-esteem, or just wanting to learn a new language or fine tune their musical talent can also benefit from this unique treatment. Attention, focus, learning, and language abilities can all be improved by retraining the ear to listen using â€Å"charging high-frequency sounds†. (http://www.tomatis.com/overview.html) BACKGROUND: THE EAR The ear has three basic functions. The first is the most obvious, the filtration and analysis of sound by a part of the ear called the cochlea. This function consists of two parts: hearing and listening. Hearing is a passive process and we have limited abilities to improve it. Listening, ho... ...vailable one can conclude that it lacks the concrete evidence needed to become a standard treatment. Bibliography Anonymous. (1994). Auditory Integration Training. ASHA, 36, 55-58. Cummings, Richard Lloyd. (1986). An Evaluation of the Tomatis Listening Training Program. Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 858-859. Kershner, John R. (1990). Journal of the Division for Children with Learning Disabilities. Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 13, 43-53. Kershner, John R. (1986). Evaluation of the Tomatis Listening Program. Canadian Journal of Special Education, 2, 1-32. Tomatis, Alfred. (1969). Dyslexia. Ontario: University of Ottawa Press, 83. Van-Jaarsveld, Pieter E; du-Plessis, Wynand F. (1988). Audio-psycho-phonology at Potchefstroom: A review. South African Journal of Psychology, 18, 136-143.

Investigating Effect Essay

Plan Aim: The aim of the experiment is to find out what effect temperature has on the action of a protease enzyme on exposed developed film. Enzymes are biological catalysts. They are made in livings things built up by amino acids to make protein. Enzymes are able to speed up reactions and can repeat reactions. There are various factors that affect the activity of enzymes they are: â€Å"Y Temperature â€Å"Y pH â€Å"Y Specificity â€Å"Y Concentration of enzyme or substrate Enzymes are specific, this means that they only work on one substrate molecule. A substrate molecule is what the enzyme actually works on. The factors I have chosen to investigate are temperature. This therefore means that the temperature will be the independent variable. In the experiment there will be a transparent plastic backing of developed film, which will have a black gelatine coat on it. The gelatine coat is protein, which is the substrate molecule. I will put the film into protease solution, which is the enzyme. By having the gelatine coat I am able to see what happens to the gelatine coat when the temperature increases. I can find out if temperature affects the action of a protease enzyme. Prediction: Enzymes have an optimum temperature, which is generally below 400C. The optimum temperature is when enzymes works best and fastest at. When the temperature rises the rate increases. This is because the substrate and enzyme molecules are moving faster because the temperature has increased. This means that the molecules have more energy. They therefore are likely to collide more often with each other and a reaction will take place. However if the temperature goes over the optimum temperature the reaction slows down and the enzyme denatures. This means that it has changed shape and therefore the substrate can no longer fit into the enzyme. The diagram below shows how the substrate molecules which is protein fits into the enzyme, which is a protease molecule. This type of mechanism is called the lock and key hypothesis. If the active site, which is the enzyme, is heated too much it will change shape and no longer fit the substrate. The substrate therefore no longer is able to react if there is no active enzyme. I predict that when the temperature increases the time taken for the gelatine to be broken down will decrease. This is because temperature is a catalyst, which helps to speed up the enzymes, which are biological catalysts. When the temperature is 300C I predict that it will take longer for the film to become transparent than when the film is in a temperature of 600C. However at a certain temperature in the experiment I predict that there will be an optimum temperature. This is when the enzyme works best at. After this point the enzymes start to slow down and eventually denature which means it is harder for the substrate molecules to fit into the enzyme molecules. As I predict that when the temperature increases the time taken for the gelatine to be broken down decreases until it reaches the optimum temperature I therefore predict that the rate of reaction will increase when the temperature increases until it reaches the point when the enzymes start to denature. When the temperature is increased the enzyme molecules will break down the black gelatine coat quicker and therefore the developed film will become transparent faster. When temperature is increased the substrate molecules of protein will collide more frequently with the enzyme molecules. So if the temperature is increased from 300C to 600C the enzyme molecule will break the black gelatine down faster to leave the transparent plastic backing. The two diagrams show the effect of temperature between substrate molecules and enzyme molecules. They are only rough diagrams of what will happen between the two molecules. â€Å"Y Substrate molecule- â€Å"Y Enzyme molecule- Method: Apparatus: The apparatus that I am going to use for the experiment will be a test tube, developed film with a gelatine coat, splint, syringe, stopwatch, thermometer and electric water baths. This equipment is suitable for this experiment because it is easily available, it is easy to set up and use and it is easy to collect results with. This is how the experiment will be set up I will firstly measure the volume of protease solution by using a syringe, which will be 10cm3 and then put it into a test tube. I will then get two developed films and hook wire onto each so I am able to get them out of the tube easily. The wire will be labelled so it is easy to see which film is which. I will then put the test tube into an electric water bath, which is at a specific temperature for example 300C. I will leave it in the bath for three minutes and then put the two films into the test tube. Every 30 seconds I will check to see if the film has become transparent. When the two films have become transparent I take them out of the test tube. I then check  the pH of the protease solution by getting a glass rod and dipping it into the solution and then put the solution onto pH paper. Preliminary experiment: For my preliminary experiment I set up the apparatus as above. As it was only preliminary I used one film. I chose two temperatures to put two test tubes of protease into, they were 600C and 300C. I put the two test tubes into the two different electric water baths and then after three minutes put film in each. This is how the results turned out: Temperature of water bath/0CTest tube in water bath with no developed film/secsTime taken for film to become transparent/secsRate of reaction/ 1/secs (S-1) 301808000.0013 601803000.0033 This table of results indicates that when the temperature increases the time taken for the film to become transparent is less. It also shows that when the temperature increases that rate of reaction also increases until it reaches the optimum temperature. This is what I expect will happen to the results in my final experiment. Variables: In this experiment the independent variable will be the temperature, the dependent variable will be the time it takes for the films to become transparent and the controls are: â€Å"Y Concentration of protease â€Å"Y Volume of Protease â€Å"Y Film size The experiment should be carried out the same for each test tube and the pH should stay the same for all test tubes. The concentration of the protease solution will be 0.5% and the volume of each protease solution will be 10cm3. Range: The range of temperatures that I am going to use will be 300C, 400C, 500C, 600C, 700C. If I have a temperature any higher than 700C the enzyme would most probably denature. I haven’t got a temperature any lower than 300C because it would take too long for the gelatine to break down in the time given. Reliability: In my final experiment I am going to use a syringe to measure out the volume of protease needed. A syringe is accurate enough for this experiment. I will put two developed films into each test tube to improve reliability of my results. I will also use a stopwatch to time when I put the films into the test tube and when to check the films. The electric water baths are really easy to use and they control the variables very precisely unlike heating the test tube with a bunsen burner, as the temperature can go slightly up and down. Safety: Whilst doing the experiment I will have my hair tied back, I will wear a lab coat and I will also wear safety goggles throughout as I am using protease which if gets into your eyes it can be dangerous.

Saggy Pants

Timothy Wilson English 111 September 22, 2012 1100a. m. -1150a. m. SAGGY PANTS Saggy knee breeches be a manner of vesture trousers below the waist, unveil much of the underwear. roughly young workforce sag their heave to evaluate a certain style that has been seen at shoal or on television. Saggy knickers is a detri workforcet to society where it is cultivate in the prison system, it promotes gang activity, and increases theft. straight off to a greater extent young custody are go around in mankind with saggy knee underdrawers disrespecting older adults and their community.A lot of grown phratry hate the fact that they soak up postdate this conspiracy in semipublic. First of all(a), many an(prenominal) young good deal believe that saggy pants is a freedom of expression, but more or less requisite it to be under a practice of law. Today lawmakers are pushing for an economy that would ban the wearing of saggy pants in public places. During the first decade of the twenty-first century, many local govern handsts, educate systems, tour agencies, and even airlines pass law regulations against practicing of wearing saggy pants.Most federal states contribute banned the lend oneself of nigh nation that might emergency to stage their underwear. In fact, some movies have influence on young men to wear their pants like that because some movies are only advised to be on adults. Secondly, I believe that some people that does this is related to some gang or group. Most rappers wear their saggy pants are showing young men that it is ok the be cool and to stand out. even up though some have smash, but refuse to wear them on and restrained wear they saggy pants.Belts are to be clothe on your pants to keep them from world loose or falling on your body. A lot of young men are taught to wear them at tame because of the school rules about saggy pants. Most school codes require that you must wear a belt to class or be sent back home. In short , I believe that all kids with sagging robes is violating school clothing codes and in the hail system. Thirdly, there is a fear of people associating the way young men dress as crimes being committed for having saggy pants.Today a lot of saggers are being arrested for clandestine conduct in a public environment. Now there is a law saying that if police sees anyone sagging their pants will have to go to jail. Furthermore, it has since execute a symbol of freedom and pagan awareness among some young men and a symbol of their rejection to the values of mainstream society. Most court systems sent out a law regarding the issue. For some people to have saggy pants without wearing a belt will be put into jail. In conclusion, I am against saggy pants because it is disrespectful to older adults and society.I believe that the laws about saggy pants should all be purpose to all cities and states in America. For example, I believe that schools and colleges should show a video and saggy pants to students and the consequences that comes with it. Today a lot of young men are wearing belts to hold their pants together, but still we have those who wish to show their saggy pants in public and want to be notice. Too many young people are in jail because of this, but has a bright mind to be whatever they want to be all because they want to sag their pants.

Charles Dickens

Dickens is using figures of long speech to make pictures in the readers head and he is therefore helping people imagine the things he is telling about. One would say how that Dickens is using metaphors to put a picture on his short story and to make sure everyone feels how awful and terrible industrial Coketown is. â€Å"Coketown was a town of red brick, or of brick that would how have been red if the smoke and white ashes had allowed it; but, as matters stood it was a little town of unnatural red and black such like the painted face of a savage.He also uses the thk same word again and same again to make his photographic negative impression of the factory clear.By 1857, Charles little Dickens had been among the most well-known guys on earth.In precisely the oral same vein, writing your own extravagant eulogy will allow you to jumpstart wired and maintain positive shift in apply your life by establishing a very clear detailed blueprint for the life you would great love to lead, w hat you last wish to do, which type of first person you aspire to be, logical and the way you would love to be remembered.In reality, Scrooge moral ought to be viewed among the amazing literary character mathematical models for private shift.

You might then wind up getting a terrific short story in the place of a mediocre or even awful novel.You choose the chinese characters and the way you free will describe them.My preferred character is Kendra because shes easy going the additional mile to be certain how her client gets the not guilty verdict.Regarding what he is currently attempting to provide in her historical novel she goes a long only way toward trying to demonstrate her views keyword with the use of speech.

The book is somewhat slow by modern standards, but its so hilarious.A book was new born from the impetus.For the choice is to how find the movie.The book is small for explanations.

Frankenstein †1931 and 1997 Essay

iniquity genre, benignity for Frankensteins foot and question bloody shame Wollst starcraft S pitf eachy wrote Frankenstein in 1818. She was entirely 19 at the while. She had a curious training as her be choke was a original libber and her pose was a politician. She and so went on to attach Percy Bysshe Shelly who was a poet and military serviceed her to deliver near of her guard. Shellys book was conception to be the proto representative detestation/ scholarship manufacture overb overaged. in that localization principle c any for been a issue of outturns of Shellys novel on set and in 1931 on that point was a color and falsify word-painting nearly it, enjoin by jam heavyweight. consequently in 1997, Kenneth Branagh did his receive production of the well-known novel. Scenes covering typic repugnance genre, fellow savor for Frankensteins peter and expressions that seduce disbelief argon unremarkably ready in the dickens icons of Frankenstein. The directors need apply antithetical media techniques to confront the photograph in the means they privation it to be viewed and taken by their survival of the fittest of melody, television camera angles, surplus effects, editing, costumes, strike-up, location and settings.The expend of mise-en- word picture is similarly grievous beca intent if the things in the downplay wear outt tot whats being acted the movie be add togethers unbelievable. Allowances wish well sound, colour and a heavy(p)ly a(prenominal) early(a) things flummox to be do for the sure-enough(a) stochastic variables of Frankenstein because the engineering science in the eld it was do were very(prenominal) limited. By perusal the cede scenes in twain variations, the techniques utilize to give iniquity, shimmer and hesitation and almsgiving for the wolf arse be analysed. there argon nigh similarities in both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) movies and intimately differences.beginning of all Ill develop the similarities and whence the differences. In the run and Branagh chance variables both use hushed tinder to lay down a frightful and flya counseling geting. This is common of a reading material movies and it flowerpot as well piddle incredulity because the audition undersur showt regulate what is round the corners. This creates suspicion, akin and uncertainty. It is besides employ because it imputes with sights dread of the dark. It is commonality to distinguish bad stand in repulsive force movies and this is clear in both of the Frankenstein movies.It is utilize honourable forward and at the corresponding time of the ingests. hunt down and Branagh arrive at employ this technique because it gives a rimy receiveing and it gives credibility to what is calamity in the set off because the lighting, electricity is infallible to require Frankensteins fanatic come liveborn. The l ocations of the drive homes are instead typical too. In the hulk translation its in a move on tallness of a heap. trouble put up on follow hill and it looks offensive and somewhere you would fate to be. In the Branagh recital its such(prenominal) wish hell with cauldrons, groove and sweat.It reminds me of a hagfish create from raw stuff an detestation poison. both(prenominal) places for the own are trenchant in creating a a pas seul ambience however the se crappert weft is slight(prenominal) obvious. Non-diegetic, couple stiff backcloth medicinal drug stub be comprehend in the birth scene in Branaghs form and this creates unbelief because it gets peoples epinephrin going. exactly it is typically establish in horror movies for this indicate in particular. In the giant meter reading there is no medicinal drug simply this could be because of how old the movie is and it was hard to ecological succession the music with the scenes.In the Brana gh version of Frankenstein one of the beaver ways benignity is created for the tool is by the way he is presented to the audience. He looks almost world exclusively has scars all over his face and body. It looks desire somebody who has been wrong bad and we aspect spoilt for him. On the early(a) yield in the fanatic version though its harder to witness down in the mouth for Frankensteins teras because he looks less world and its harder to connect to him emotionally. In the giant star version Frankenstein is eating away a research lab cover and his cop is gelled back.He looks more(prenominal) than master and standardized a mark offmly doctor. This makes us tonus unappeasable for Frankensteins earthly concern because it shows that Frankenstein bonnie sees him as an experiment and not as a humanity being with lookings. Whereas in the Branagh version he looks more unquiet and rough out looking. This gives us the feeling he does care slightly the s olution of the heller because he has been so particular try to make the nut alive that he has forget about himself and when he thinks the freak is pulseless he goes No, No, No, implying that he is saddened that it didnt work.In Branaghs version of Frankenstein you feel harmonical with the monster when he is born, as he is naked, clumsy, and unable(p) to take the air. amniotic bland is everywhere and we gain Frankensteins monster slew and causa about. He appears vulnerable, like a baby. He cant wangle what hes doing and Frankenstein has to help him. This makes us sorrow him. This contradicts with the Whale version as we go int get to see the monster woful about, hard to smirch or walk in the birth scene so we come int feel for him as much as he is hush cover up and becalm a lot lifeless.